Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which are crucial for immune defense. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of T cells in the body, making the individual more vulnerable to infections and certain cancers. Over time, HIV can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most severe phase of the infection.

Transmission

HIV is primarily transmitted through:

1. Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
2. Sharing needles or syringes with someone who has HIV.
3. Blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare in countries with rigorous screening).
4. From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

HIV is not spread through casual contact such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing dishes.

Symptoms and Progression

HIV symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection. Shortly after infection, some people experience flu-like symptoms, including fever, sore throat, and fatigue, which may last a few weeks. This is known as acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) or primary HIV infection. Following this stage, the virus becomes less active in the body, though it is still present and can be transmitted. This stage is called clinical latency or chronic HIV infection, which can last for several years without symptoms.

If untreated, HIV progresses to AIDS, characterized by a severely weakened immune system, making the body prone to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. Common symptoms of AIDS include rapid weight loss, recurring fever, extreme tiredness, prolonged swelling of the lymph glands, diarrhea, sores, pneumonia, and memory loss.

Diagnosis and Treatment

HIV is diagnosed through blood or saliva tests that detect the presence of antibodies or antigens. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for HIV, which involves taking a combination of HIV medicines every day. ART cannot cure HIV, but it helps control the virus, enabling individuals to live longer, healthier lives and reducing the risk of transmission.

 

Prevention

Preventing HIV involves multiple strategies:

1. Using condoms correctly every time during sex.
2. Taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) if at high risk of HIV.
3. Using post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) within 72 hours after potential exposure.
4. Regular HIV testing and prompt treatment if positive.
5. Ensuring that needles and syringes are sterile and not shared.
6. Pregnant women with HIV should take ART to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission.

Living with HIV

With advancements in treatment, people with HIV can lead fulfilling lives. Adherence to ART, regular medical check-ups, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are crucial for managing the condition. Stigma and discrimination remain significant challenges, but education and awareness can help create a more supportive environment for those living with HIV.

Understanding HIV, its transmission, and its management is essential for reducing its spread and improving the quality of life for those affected. By promoting safe practices, regular testing, and effective treatment, the global community can make significant strides in combating HIV/AIDS.